Swing Bridge General Earlier Bridge

Swing Bridge General Earlier Bridge The river Esk has been crossed for centuries and it has been maintained by Edward III in 1353, and has been repaired with hard wood from the Oak by John Sehlboty in 1407. In 1926 Riding justices decided that the bridge should be change to new structure bridge with movable parts. 96 years later the bridge was in very impoverished condition and was needed to be repaired, See Figure 1 earlier bridge whitby.png Figure 1 Earlier bascule bridge First Swing Bridge. The bridge was built in 1835 until 1908. The swing part was made from wood and the opening was by manned winches to allow the ships to pass through. After years opening system has been changed by water-driven opening engine. The problem was that the bridge gives limit pass to the ships by 13.72 meters, See Figure 2. scscsc.bmp Figure 2 first swing bridge Swing Bridge. The existing Swing Bridge was built after the First Swing Bridge by a year in 1909; its the third crossing bridge over the river Esk within the Habour zone of heart of Whitby. The bridge just turned 100 in 8th of August 2009. During 1966 to 1970, were 25 accidents recorded on 76.2 meters long. In addition the bridge has to open approximately every half an hour to let the ships passing through and this causes delay to both traffic and pedestrians around 5 minutes. The bridge carries (A171) that comes from Meddilsborough to Scarborough. Its one Way Bridge for traffic and two ways for large number of pedestrians, the bridge has insufficient dimensions regards to the traffic and pedestrians nowadays, its 4.2672 meters carriageway wide and footpath width of 1.05 meter. Throughout the high season the footpath it will be exceedingly packed and the people have to step out into the carriageway due to the restriction of footpath wideness without paying attention of oncoming vehicles. Even though sometimes the traffic indecisive to cross the bridge against other cars. As well as the when two big vehicles crossing along the bridge one of them has to mount on to the pavement to let the other vehicle pass through, see Figure 3. exesting swing bridge.png Figure 3 existing swing bridge Current condition of the bridge. The bridge has age of 100 years old and its over the expected age, at present time the Swing Bridge has annually maintenance of  £60,000. The main maintenance was carried in 1985 with cost of  £400,000. The major refurbishment was carried due to the bad condition as following: The superstructure was seriously corroded. Poor state of operating machines and its placed with electrically hydraulic system. At present time the bridge causes problems due to its position which is close to the North Sea. The surface layer of the paint being de-bonded, the flakes fallen into the river damaging the flora and fauna of marina. Moreover, the chloride is extremely high and causes serious corrosion to the steel plate of the bridge. New bridge. Movable Bridge. This type of bridge that moves in order to allows the ships and boats etc, to pass through. This design is economical because it reduces the cost of construction and this can be achieved by building it on the ground, evading the disbursals of high piers and the long approaches. Therefore this provides the ease of passages for the ships and reducing the constructions expense. Movable bridges is operating by different methods such as electrical motors like gearing and hydraulic pistons etc. these bridges also cause traffic delay because the traffic has to be stop to let the sea traffic to pass. Basically, there are 13 types of movable bridges and the common types are Swing Bridge and Bascule Bridge. Types of bridges. Name Description Design Drawbridge. The bridge deck is hinged on one end. Drawbridge..jpg Figure 4 Drawbridge Bascule bridge. A drawbridge hinged on pins with a counterweight to facilitate raising. bascule bridge.jpg Figure 5 Bascule bridge Folding bridge. A drawbridge with multiple sections that collapse together horizontally. Folding bridge.jpg Figure 6 Folding Bridge Curling bridge. A drawbridge with multiple sections that curl vertically. Curling bridge.jpg Figure 7 Curling bridge Lift bridge. The bridge deck is lifted up by counterweighted cables mounted on towers. Lift bridge.jpg Figure 8 Lift bridge Table bridge. A lift bridge with the lifting mechanism mounted underneath it. Table bridge.jpg Figure 9 Table bridge Retractable bridge (Thrust bridge). The bridge deck is retracted to one side. Retractable bridge.jpg Figure 10 Retractable bridge (Thrust bridge) Rolling bridge. An unhinged drawbridge which is lifted by the rolling of a large gear segment along a horizontal rack. Figure 11 Rolling bridge Submersible bridge. The bridge deck is lowered down into the water. Submersible bridge 4.jpg Figure 12 Submersible bridge Tilt bridge. The bridge deck, which is curved, is lifted up at an angle. Tilt bridge.jpg Figure 13 Tilt bridge Swing bridge. The bridge deck rotates around a fixed point, usually at the centre, but may resemble a gate in its operation. Swing bridge.jpg Figure 14 swing bridge Transport bridge. A structure high above carries a suspended, ferry-like structure. Transporter bridge 1.jpg Figure 15 Transport bridge Jet bridge. A passenger bridge to an airplane. One end is mobile with height, yaw, and tilt adjustments on the outboard end. AdelaidJetBridgeS7386.jpg Figure 16 Jet bridge Bascule Bridge. Bascule Bridges are the most popular of opening bridges, the main part of bascule bridges is the counterweight, which is designed to be overhead counterweight or counterweight below the deck as shown in figure 17 and 18. Counterweight is continuously balance the leaf (span) This kind of bridge is to balance the bridges that rotate about the horizontal axis at right angle to its longitudinal centerline. Bascule severely implements to these kind that consist of a single moving element, which turns about the horizontal line close to its centre of gravity in order that the weight on one side that rotate on an axis mostly balance the weight on the other side, however the balance usually not precise. The movement of the bascule bridge mostly is up and down, when it moves keeping the bridge closed, its called as span heavy, or if its moving to keep the bridge to open its called counterweight heavy. Bascule Bridge can possibly be a single or double leaf that moves up and down to allow sea traffic to pass through. . 29.png Figure 17 single bascule bridge with overhead counterweight Figure 18 single bascule bridge with counterweight below the deck road Double leaf Bascule Bridge. It comprises of two leaves pointed opposite each other and connected together at their ends where they attach over the navigation channel as shown in figure19. The distinction between the single and double is the double leaf has advantages as following: Its higher above the water level with the same span. Rapidly opening Large navigation headway while its closed. Provide less wind resistance. Require small counterweight. Require small machinery. The disadvantage is that the double bascule bridge requires two times as much of every part. Untitled.png Figure 19 Double bascule bridge with counterweight below the deck road Many types of bascule bridges have many failures, where as the Rolling lift type Scherzer type invention solved these problems with distinct advantages: As it rotates it pulls itself out of the way of navigation. Provide more clearance to ships compared with other types from the same class. It does not have to open at wider angel as the other type of bridges to give a clear way for the ships. Rolling bascule Lift Bridge has one disadvantage such as it does not pivot about a hinge point, instead utilizing a rack and pinion mechanism to maintain the support and alignment. Figure 20 Fixed-trunnion Bascule design Figure 21 Rolling Bascule The common type of design is called Chicago Bascule this structure of it is much better than the others where it is a fixed-trunnion bascule design, the bridge pivoted around a large axel when trunnion slopes upward, see figures 20, 21 and 22. rackpinion.gif Figure 22 Rack and Pinion mechanisms The difference between Double-leaf Bascule Bridge and Swing Bridge. Double leaf bascule bridge with overhead counterweight Advantages Disadvantages It works as a cantilever for both dead/live load and its simply supported for live load. Overhead-counterweight is exposed to vandalism and perhaps blocks aspect of view. The mechanisms can be avoided from the bad weathering and risks of vandalism by place them underneath the road deck. 2. The power required from the machinery to move the span is proportional to the max wind speed over large area of deck. Provide great opening and closing compared with swing beiges. Provide clearance to small boasts without fully opening. Swing bridge Advantages Disadvantages The power required from machinery to move the span is not great as for bascule bridge Its required more time for opening and closing compared with Bascule Bridge. The machinery is under the deck but part of them dipped into the water. Long pier required to protect the span and this block the scene of the view. Does not require building cofferdam for piers and foundation construction and protection. The old Bascule Bridge of Whtiby. The earlier bridge was Bascule Bridge constructed before the existing swing bridge in the heart of Whitby. The bridge was manually operated before replacing it by hydraulic operated swing bridge. Therefore, proposing to build new modern bascule bridge can bring back Whitbys historical heritage and remember the local people to their history. Improving or Replacing the Swing Bridge. General. As a result from the current condition of the swing bridge must be maintained by  £60,000 annually. On the other hand after few years it might to be carry maintenance with high cost. Therefore to construct new bridge with good specifications wont be maintained at least for the first decades. Basically its suitable to construct new bridge that might cost around  £350,000 thousand instead of using it for maintenance on the current swing bridge. The new design will avoid all the environmental effects, high cost of maintenance, and traffic congestion within the bridge and greatly reduce the risk exposed to pedestrians. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the Whitby should have a new bridge rather than spending money on providing maintenance to the swing bridge. The Viable Solution. The viable solution, whichever to improve or replace the Swing Bridge has been decided to replace it with new bascule bridge in the same location. The new bascule bridge will be used just by pedestrians and freight cars due to the area surrounding the current swing bridge it will be pedestrianized refer to New Development. As for the traffic, new bascule bridge will be constructed in the upper Harbour zone from New Quay Road to Church Street Car Park, refer to New Crossing. It will be used by traffic and pedestrians in order to reduce the traffic congestion and danger/risk exposure to pedestrians. The good advantages of this viable solution are: The new bascule bridge between the Church Street and New Quay Road will be constructed first and use the current Swing bridge as temporary bridge in order to reduce the cost of the construction. When construction is finished the current swing bridge will be replace with new bascule bridge which is just for pedestrians, and bring back old memories of first bascule bridge. When the construction of new pedestrians Bascule Bridge will be finished, so the tourist and local in peak season they will be comfortable to walk along the bridge without any congestion, no fear from traffic and enjoy the scene of the Harbour zone centre. Proposed location of new bridge. General. The locations are important to verify the reason of chosen bridge type, as well as proposing locations are useful to choose the appropriate position for the bridge. The location should be reasonable to match with other locations and suggestion of New Developments. Therefore, it should be easy to access and satisfy the users. All locations that will be proposed must not ruin other places and New Quay road to Church Street via Bridge Street. This proposal shows where the new pedestrians bascule bridge will be constructed which is in the same location of current swing bridge. When the new bascule bridge will be used by pedestrians the narrow road on both side will sufficient for them and enjoy the scene the Harbour zone, there wont be any demolishing required, no affect to ships owners and their parks and the old swing bridge can be placed in museum as memorial, as shown in figures 23 and 24. Figure 23 new pedestrians Bascu7le Bridge Untitled.jpg Figure 24 new pedestrians Bascule Bridge New Quay Road to Church Street. New bascule bridge for traffic and pedestrians, Refer to New crossing. Deck design of new pedestrians Bascule Bridge. The deck design of the bridge will be formulated to fit the maximum possible amount of pedestrians without any risk. In order to comply with the safety of the pedestrians the dimensions as the following: The comprehensive width of the deck is 6m. The total length of the deck will be the same as the total length of the bridge which is 43m as shown in figure 25. The overall thickness of the deck from the centre is 200mm and it descends to 190mm to both side ends of the bridge. This inclination counted for the drainage system. Concrete slab thickness is 0.15 meter. Historical brick thickness 0.05 meter. See figure 26. Handrails will be in the same dimensions for both sides. The recommended material that can be used for the Handrails is aluminum alloy which is can resist the corrosion from chloride spread from the air. Street lights will be installed on the bridge to enjoy the view during night time. The deck pavement will be brick covering the layer of the concrete to match with surrounding building and protect the history of the town. As well as for the piers. The material that will be used for the deck is composite concrete, this type will be used because it takes time to reach the certain rigidity in order to steel deck can serve as bracing for all horizontal forces. The beams that will be used to carry the load of the deck are I-beams; the design contains two beams parallel to each other along the length of the deck. The best steel beams type can be used that can resist the corrosion is galvanized steels beams and also can be painted to prevent it from revealing to chloride attack. Figure 25. Front elevation Figure 26. Section of deck and pier General assumption calculation for the pedestrians bascule bridge attached with next sheet. New crossing Proposed location of new bridge General The locations are important to verify reason of chosen bridge, as well as proposing locations are useful to choose the appropriate position for the bridge. The location should be reasonable to match with other locations. Therefore, it should easy to access, comfortable size and satisfy the users. From the viable solution of swing bridge that will be pedestrianized and the area around. So new crossing must be provide to solve the matter of traffic, its have been decided that new bascule bridge will be constructed for both traffic and pedestrians as a part of the viable solution. The best location of the bridge has been decided to be build between New Quay road and Church Street. New Quay Road to Church Street This proposal illustrates the location of the bascule bridge that will be constructed almost parallel to the swing bridge. This location has good advantages due to non narrow road, there is no demolishing required except on the river banks where the bridge is connected to the both sides. Having look at to the site, on the side of New Quay Road the pedestrians pathway has adequate space can be widen in order to construct the two lane new bascule bridge, in the other side the traffic and pedestrians can easily get access to Church Street throughout car park, the main advantages of these two sides are: Its easy to construct. No demolishing required to any houses, historical building or shops. Wont affect any boats, ships parking Wont have any objection from locals, or vessel owners. Figure: shown traffic from New Quay Road to Church Street Deck design of new traffic and pedestrians Bascule Bridge. The deck will be designed for pedestrian and traffic, this design should accommodate both of them without having any traffic congestion and avoid pedestrian from risk. Therefore, the design must comply for both of them. The dimensions will be as following: 13 meters overall width. 4 meters wide for each lane. 2.5 meters wide for pedestrians pathway for each side. 0.29 meter total thickness from the center of the deck sloping down to 0.28 meter to the ends parallel to pathways. This allows water to drift sideways to drainage system. Concrete slab thickness is 0.15 meters. Two layers of tar thickness are 0.12 meters. 0.02 meter bitumen thickness will be covering the concrete deck. Handrails will be design The Handrails design will be on both sides to prevent pedestrians to step out on the road. Therefore, the hazard will be greatly reduced for pedestrians. The perfect design of Handrails should comply with the decrease of risk. So the design of handrails on the side next to the road will be 500mm height concrete barrier and 500mm handrails above the concrete. As for the material used, composite concrete will be used in the deck because before the concrete reaches certain rigidity, steel deck is needed to serve as bracing for all horizontal forces. The best of handrails material its recommended to use galvanized steel handrails. The assumption calculation procedure for the new crossing is the same as new pedestrians bridge but the structural dimension will be different depending on the load because it has different material such as Asphalt, bitumen and concrete etc Abutment: for both bascule bridges. The abutment is the structure that conveys the load from deck to the pile cap. Thus, the size of the abutment is 3mÃÆ'-3m on the top part, and 2ÃÆ'-2 on the lower part, as shown in figure Cofferdam: Construction for both bascule bridges. Before construction the foundation, essentially required a cofferdam to be constructed to prevent the water from entering into foundation construction area. Sheet of steel plates that are joined together is commonly used type due to ease of penetration and pull out of the ground. Therefore after construction of the cofferdam the water need to be pumped out. Construction of counterweight: for both bascule bridges. The counterweight duty is to balance the closing and opening of the bridge which are called counterweight heavy and heavy span or held on position , the design of counterweight usually 1.5 1.7 times of the overall weight of the deck. Its recommended to choose 1.6 to provide appropriate counterweight for opening and closing. The recommended type of counterweight mechanism is Rack and pinion rather than using hydraulic pistons system. The Rack and pinion is more economic and easy to maintain comparing with hydraulic pistons system. Calculation of counterweight weight of Pedestrians Bridge. Total load of the deck ÃÆ'- 1.6 = 0 Therefore: 1856 ÃÆ'- 1.6 = 297 KN. Calculation of counterweight weight of traffic and pedestrians Bascule Bridge will be the same as above. Foundations and geology: for both bascule bridges In accordance with boreholes data, the following boreholes 22, 26 and 113 around the area of Swing bridge location are representing different characteristics. The information of borehole 22 shows the following: The depth from the surface up to 4.90 meters, the soil consists of made ground. Starting from 4.90 meters down to 15.00 meters deep, the soil composed of alluvium. The made ground and alluvium soil layers contains of coarse gravel, Sandy silty, Sandy clay, Alluvium soil, these types of soils have different status and properties such as the unit weight, void ratio, low shear strength and high ability to be compacted/condensed. The information of Borehole 113 illustrates the following. Starting from surface down to 2.45 meters deep, the soil composed of alluvium. From 2.45 meters down to 12.20 meters deep, the soil is mainly sand and gravel. From 12.20 meters, countdown to depth of 3.80 meters, the soil made up of alluvium. Starting from 3.80 meters depth layer of alluvium to depth of 16.85 meters, the soil consists of sandstone and glacial. The information of borehole 26 has the same characteristics, properties and condition of borehole 22 and 113. Footing. Based on the soil condition and the deck load the appropriate recommended size of footing of the pedestrians bascule bridge dimensions will be 3m ÃÆ'- 3m width and length. Piles Recommended type that can be used is steel tubular piles. Specification Steel tubular piles (rounded piles). Closed-ended, this means that the toe of the pile is welded with a piece of steel plate, and poured into it with concrete in order to strike the concrete with hummer. Stiffeners can be installed within the piles to enlarge buckling and bending resistance. The propose from using this type because it has common use in marina structure nowadays. Therefore the number of piles to be constructed for pedestrians Bascule Bridge as following: Four piles for each pier. The diameter of each pile is 400mm. As for the new crossing bridge: The footing size and number of piles to be constructed will be different than the pedestrians bridge because the new crossing has two lanes, different deck dimensions and two piers next to each other as shown in figure.. Method statement Introduction This method statement illustrates how all activities or special duties will be carried out. It shows the possible hazard connected with specific works and how to control it, in order to manage the work safely. Scope of works This document act toward with the constructions of three bridges over the river Esk of Whitby. The first bridge is new bascule bridge for pedestrians will be located in the same location of the existing Swing bridge, second bridge is the another new bascule bridge for both traffic and pedestrians will be located on the upper Harbour zone, and the third is to construct new Arch bridge will be situated in the same place of the high level bridge. Health and safety welfare and facilities Impermanent welfare facilities will be provided by the contractor or sub-contractor which will be accepted by the both. Welfare facilities should satisfy all staff which will include canteens, toilets etc. capable qualified personnel and a suitable number of first aid kits should be available during work period. All staff must undergo implement working rules, wearing personal protective equipment that will protect them against all different risks such as safety jackets, helmets, gloves, eye protection, shoes and good quality clothes that can clearly seen etc. General Approach. The construction preparation of the three new bridges will engage activities on the site for new development. The construction of the bridges will be in sensitive places which are important connection between two sides of Whitby in the centre of the Harbour zone. The majority of people and traffic need to move along to get on the other side and its significant especially in the peak season for tourists to enjoy the scene of the Harbour zone and traffic crossing Whitby coming from Tess to Scarborough. Therefore, the construction should be finished in short time. Hence the work duration for both bascule bridges will be as following: Weekdays, 7:00 19:00. Weekends, 9:00 13:00. Irregular works at night if its required. As for the new Arch bridge will be two shits per day as following: First shift Weekdays, 7:00 14:00. second shift, 14:00 21:00 Weekends. Saturday will be at the same time as weekdays. Sunday, one shift from 7:00 to 14:00. Prefabrication of bridge will be carried out off-site if needed. Construction activities on the new two Bascule Bridges will include. Site set up, including offices, services and facilities. Container offices are the economics and fast to build or remove. container_staircase_construction_office_02.jpg Figure 25 Containers offices Construction of piles support abutments of the bridge for both leafs. yourfile.jpground-pile-caps.jpg Figure 26 Steel tubular piles Figure 27 pile caps Construction of footing and piers for the bridge. Namibia_Caprivi_ZambeziBridge_Construction-Pier_1.jpg Figure 28 bridge piers Construction of impermanent fencing and entry gates, provisional noise and dust reduction devices around the site compounds. gates.jpguntitled.JPG Figure 29 Entry gates Figure 30 fences bnb.jpgccccc.jpg Figure 31 Permenant niose reduction Figure 32 Dust reduction devices Construction of impermanent environmental defense works, along with stormwater management and cars, vans, heavy machineries and trucks wheel washer. 5369_ss100_Round[2].JPGwheelwashbig2.jpg Figure 33 environmental protections Figure 34 Wheel washers Construction of cofferdams, the appropriate types for rivers is sheet piles due to its their ability of penetration to many different types of ground, water tightness given by its interlocking sections. cc.bmp Figure 35 Cofferdams Provide special machineries for river bed cleaning, and disposal all the rubbish to unauthorized areas or use it for filling. untitledb.bmpclean.jpg Figure 36 Excavator for river cleaning Figure 37 clam shale for river cleaning Provide pile drive machinery for piles installations. pile-driver-image1.gif Figure 38 Pile drive machines Constructions of temporary structures and footing demanded for the launch of the bridge for both sides if required. Activity includes preparation of hardstand areas for crane access and a long steel structure for the fabrications and set up of the bridge. Setting up and testing of establishing equipments. Proper lights should be installed in right places that will be used during night works. trip_kashaf.jpg Figure 39 site lights Provide appropriate cranes that can carry all parts of the bridge and arrange locations for standing whether if it on either sides or using barge crane. crane_page4.jpgBargeCrane.jpg Figure 40 heavy crane Figure 41river heavy crane Installation of security guards to separate the site construction from live roads such as NJ-barriers or fences or others. P145-01.jpguntitled.bmp Figure 42 NJ-barriers Figure 43 cones Site survey of the area designed for the passage and location of the cranes to be having a part in the setting of the bridge. Rearrangement or construction of protection works of existing services probably to be affected by the setting operations. Removing the Swing Bridge. Set up the method to remove it with any damages to the swing bridge. Provide cranes for uplift each span whether from sides of the bridge or by barge carne. Demolishing the foundation and recycled if its in proper condition or use it for land filling. All staff must have an experience about removing heavy structure to ensure that the bridge will be in the same condition after removing. Provide trucks or ships that can carry the weight of each span. Clean/wash the spans and all parts from any impurities that can affect the environment. Construction works during weekends for the launching of the bridges. Working together with energy company staff respecting power failure and other safety routines. Formal approval that the lanes, paths, roads surrounding area of launching to be closed for the weekends and first night for people safety and avoid any vandalism actions. Installation of floodlights and other possibility measures determined by the risk analysis. Setting operation. Installation of the bridge on its permanent bearing. Construction time period. The duration of the project depends on the obtainability of tracks to accomplish the removing and construction of the bridge. Removing of Swing Bridge depends on the plan, equipments and labours. Construction of foundation and piers can be fulfilled in normal times. The construction of the bridge will be divided into different stages: Stage 1: Consists of construction of the pile installation, footing, piers, impermanent structure and prefabrication of the bridge and precast elements if it will be provided. Stage 2: Launching of the new bascule bridge, which wont to take long time. Stage 3: Two day plan to check bridge deck

Causes of Conflict between India and Pakistan Essay

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The history of Pakistan as an independent country started in 1947. This event happened when Great Britain’s subcontinent India was divided into two regions, and the partitioned part is known today as the countries of Pakistan and India. The separation is the start of a series of changes due to the formation of the All-India League in 1906 in seeking political rights for Muslims. The main person behind the forcing of the separation was Mohammed Ali Jinnan who served as the leagues’ president. His first movement was in working in â€Å"India’s Congress party for a free united India† through doubting respects of Hindus into the rights of Muslims. In 1940, a separate Islamic state was insisted by Jinnah, and when the British departed in 1947, the Pakistan became a   renowned member of the British Commonwealth of Nations(Bajpai 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  When the British departed, a lot of Hindus migrated to India likewise a lot of Muslims fled to Pakistan. A fall of economy then followed Pakistan because of shortage of Hindus working for them. Religious confrontations and communal riots occurred and the worst series of wars is happening among them(Bajpai 2003). The partition brought a bloody affair wherein millions of Hindus and Muslims, including the innocent ones, were killed. Series of accusation increased the tensions. The main reason of the conflict between India and Pakistan is under national interest and being monitored. CAUSES OF CONFLICTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Junaggadh at Gujarat, so far is the first cause of conflict. Pakistan’s Governor General Muhammad Ali Jinnah accession of the area in September 1947 started the misunderstanding. Despite of his argument that Hindus and Muslim could not live as one nation from his Two Nation Theory he still fell to the scheme of avarice. So, India’s defense Minister Sardel Patel insisted to make the accession void and hold a plebiscite at Junagadah because if it was permitted to go with Pakistan, it could cause a communal unrest across Gujarat. Knowing that the existing democratic government is the Arzi Hukumat at Junagadah, Patel regulated the annexation of Junagadh’s three principles since it is facing a financial collapse and can’t resist Indian forces. India claims that it was them who first invited to accept their reins. Therefore, to give an answer to where the city will go with, a plebiscite was conducted in December 1947 to which it showed 99% of Junagadh civilians prefer India than Pakistan (Sadiq 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The territorial disputes is the second a highly controversial issue. Kashmir is a Muslim-majority princely state hat is being ruled by a Hindu, Hari Singh that would neither go with India or Pakistan’s ruling. The conflict is initiated when the Pakistan heard rumors that Hari Singh wants to assent Kashmir over India. Eager too take control, the paramilitary forces of Pakistan invaded Kashmir in September 1947. Although Kashmir is well equipped and ready to face the Pakistan, the trouble in weakening the law and the position of order was put into consideration by Hari Singh so he asked for India’s help to deal with the problem. But Kashmir is not under the jurisdiction of India so through desperation, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession. On October 27, 1947 at the Kashmir’s capital, Srinagar, the Indian troops secured the area and the valley itself. Intense fighting was visible during that time. But, through Indian Prime Minister Nehru, he declared a ceasefire and sought U.N. intervention and promised a plebiscite. Until now, both countries hold a division of the state under the Line of Control (LoC) which distinguishes the ceasefire line that was agreed in 1947. Furthermore, some of the other territorial quarrel includes the clash in Siachin glacier and disagreement on Sir Creek. Also, Pakistan’s Baglihar Dam is a heat of discussion after being built in the Indian managed Kashmir part.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fourth comes from the Bengal refugee situation. Although there is signed a trade agreement, and commitment to resolving bilateral disputes through peaceful means, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, after a lot refugees flooded into West Bengal and other states from East Pakistan(Sadiq 2006). The crisis is due to communal violence, intimidation and repression from Muslim authorities. Yet, the agreed affairs did not take long, mainly because of the dispute owing to Kashmir.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the fifth crisis, it was the 1971 War in Pakistan and the Afghanistan involvement. Brought by political problem in Pakistan, Indian intervention (Mukti Bahini of the Indian Military) in favor of the rebelling Bengal helped Eastern Pakistan win its independence creating Bangladesh. This leads to an assault by Western Pakistan to India. For the Afghanistan issue, Pakistan effectively supported Afghanistan from its twist against Soviet Union policies. Pakistan has been involved in many anti-Soviet activities of Afghanistan too. So, the prime intelligence organization of India entered the anti-Soviet forces at Afghan region in order to dismantle it. Adding more, the Taliban regime at Afghanistan is strongly supported by Pakistan to which it is firmly opposed by India and therefore criticizing Pakistan for its support to the terrorist group. The continues terrorist attacks, the sixth one, played role in the conflict., After the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks that happened to United States , there was a worldwide awareness and monitoring   in   terrorist organizations specifically to al-Qaeda in Pakistan because suspected militant activities is present and working in the country . The surveillance was proven true after a High-ranking al-Qaeda members were captured by Pakistani officials and the evidence showed broadcast that they are operating in the country. Also, conflict with India is another dilemma that Musharraf is encountering. News on terrorist attacks is regularly heard and that this usually occurs in Jammu and Kashmir wherein the claim is due to Islamic extremists that was encouraged by policies of Pakistan.   Citing some examples of the terrorist events are Wandhama massacre in January 1998, assassination of Abdul Ghani Lone in Srinagar, the July 20, 2005 Srinagar bombing and the Budshah Chowk attack on July 29, 2005(Chellaney 2006).This event have lead into an all-out-war with terrorist globally.   The seventh worst reason of the crisis is the human rights violation .Both countries have been accused for human violations and have been always denying. Indian Security Forces was blamed by Pakistan Kasmiri organization for occurrence of human right abuses at the state (Bajpai 2003).   It was absolutely denied by India, claiming that only a few incidents was their fault, and it was emphasized by them that most of the crimes and violence in Kashmiris are   toiled by insurgents. Districts of Baramula and Anantnaq in Kashmir are mostly affected. Frequency of different crimes such as rape and moves on kidnapping is evident. Raiding and rioting from time to time appear and laundering of people’s money almost happen everyday. This intensified type of insurgency appeared during 1980’s. Finally, the Kargil problem is a situation that needs to be greatly considered. Attempts to restart a dialogue between the two nations are then being put into each mind for a solution to the conflicts. A major boost happened in   February 1999 when a meeting was held by both   Prime Minister at Lahore upon   their signing of an   agreements(Shakil-ur-Rahman 2007). However, the policy was not respected in May 1999 after the intrusion of Pakistani forces into Kargil at Jammu and Kashmir which is an Indian Territory. The â€Å"Kargil conflict† resulted into a strong battle among the   forces of both country (Shahin 2004). It was the Indian army who successful regained Kargil. And for the Pakistan, a military coup effort overturned Nawaz Sharif government of October 1999 and proved a need for a mutual relation. At, 2001, Pakistan’s Pervez Musharraf talks for an agreement with Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vaipayee fell through in Agra summit. And, in June 20, 2004, with India’s new administrator, an extension in the ban of nuclear testing was agreed by both countries. Also, both   requested for   hotline set up   between their foreign secretaries so that   misunderstandings which could lead to nuclear war would be avoided (Shahin 2004).So far, these treaty although valued by both countries, is still monitored because chances of conspiracy could still be possible. Right now, awareness at this issue is the spotlight of U.N. CONCLUSION   Giving a probable answer for the situation, the best way to end the Kashmir violence is going into negotiations between Pakistan and India with the Kashmiris voice involvement. Yet, here are some specific possible solutions; (1) the status quo, where the Line of Control (LoC) would be formalized and accepted as the international boundary. But the main factor for this to be opposed by Pakistani is that, the country will get less little control over the region for it desires a greater part. Likewise, political parties of Kashmir would definitely be against it, due to the presence of referendum resolution from United States that would be violated. And (2), Kashmir could go to be an independent  Ã‚   sovereign republic. For sure, most of the Kashmiris would support it since it’s’ tourism being the largest source of income would make them economically viable. But, this would be strongly disagreed for it requires both Indian and Pakistan (also China) in giving up the territory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand where is the crisis is going, regardless of who wins or looses from the battle, the   Strategic Foresight Group (SFG) has presented the facts and figures about the cost of conflict between India and Pakistan(Ismail 2004).   According to relevant information about the military costs, both India and Pakistan are involved in arms race at various levels of lethality or tools. This is made in such manner that the projected figures can tear down images of both countries. The expense for these conflicts should not be taken critically by both countries because the dispute, practically speaking, obliterates them. To when will the conflict ends is still a question and needs further analysis. Regardless of how superior the prides of both countries go, it should always evaluate its own   status to how long the situation will go,   aside from the battle going within them, there are many more other factors within each country that needs an   unswerving focus to deal with(Ismail 2004). Time to act and give a definite solution at this matter as soon as possible before further intimidation could arise from these two unsettled neighboring country. WORKS CITED Bajpai, K. S. (2003) Untangling India and Pakistan.   Volume, DOI: Chellaney, B. (2006) Let Pakistan not set the agenda.   Volume, DOI: Ismail, M. (2004) Cost of Conflict between India and PakistanVolume, DOI: Sadiq, M. (2006) India-Pakistan Peace-Process and the Mumbai Bomb Blasts.Volume, DOI: Shahin, S. (2004) Haunted by colonial ghosts Volume, DOI: Shakil-ur-Rahman, M. (2007) Peace talks slow but steady: India Volume, DOI:

Power point use in work envirnoment Essay

Cynthia Computer Application-205 Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint Microsoft Word-Microsoft Corporation was founded in 1975 lead global in the development and production of software and software-related services and solutions. Initially known for home computers, Microsoft, headquartered in Washington, now offers various operating systems and software for desktop computers. This multinational company strives to help the worldwide business community improve efficiency and productivity. In recent years, this company has battled criticism concerning what some consider monopolistic, anti-competitive business practices. Despite legal setbacks including antitrust violations sanctioned by the US Department of Justice, Microsoft remains a major player in its field. In today’s business environment demands the sharing of data, mobile technology and speedy communication. Microsoft provides tools enabling business to be productive and communicate effectively regardless of location. Outlook serves as the portal for e-mail, tasks, calendar and contacts. Microsoft office line workspace, boasting online storage space, enables users to save access and share documents throughout the world. Mobile Technology like smartphones, which supply the user with advanced computing options allow you to stay connected to businesses. Microsoft office Accounting Express 2008 offers small start-up or at home businesses a resource for accounting processing and procedures. The software includes invoices, budget and finance template and profit and loss statements. Office Excel surpasses manual, paper-based spreadsheets in terms of ease of use and accuracy. Businesses confront an ever-growing number of security threats. Many businesses elect to use Microsoft Vista operating system as a measure to protect their data. Vista boasts account control, troubleshooting and diagnostic features and spyware blocker. Microsoft Security Essentials, introduce in 2009, offers antimalware solutions at no cost to consumers who use Genuine Windows-based PCs. Large business may choose Microsoft Windows Vista Ultimate; Ultimate offers Bit Lockers Drive Encryption for maximum data protection. Microsoft lost its standing as the leading global software company in May 2010. Apple, once on the verge of extinction focused on innovative, new consumer products to generate growth; a popular line of hand-held devices contributed to the company’s surge in profitability. In contrast, Microsoft, despite sporadic new systems releases, primarily lies mainly on preserving the existing business. Although Microsoft remains a strong player in the market, the company continues to face stiff competition. PowerPoint is an excellent tool for employee training and online learning. Business owners and company managers can use the programs to create compelling and interactive slide shows to demonstrate new products, train new workers and help existing customers get the most out of the products they buy. In fact there are a great many advantages to using PowerPoint as an online learning tool. One of the most powerful things about PowerPoint is the fact that it can corporate animation features and clip art. Its ability to incorporate sound is another powerful benefit of PowerPoint as an online learning tool. The sound functions of this program can make the slide show more interactive and less boring, and too can encourage visitors to stay with the training. Companies can use this interactive feature of PowerPoint to overcome problems and make their training sessions compelling. PowerPoint contains a number of powerful interactivity tools that makes it easy for users to engage the attention of the entire online audience. The improvement done to Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 is the ability to group the dates in the dropdown list into years and months. That means you don’t have to create a new column to identify the years and months of each row using Excel formulas. In Excel 2010, you can customize your own Ribbon tab. It can be used as commands in one place. In this way you do not have to click from one tab to another to find your commonly used command. In the earlier years of Excel (2003 and below), sorting can only be done based on the color coding in the cell, Not only that, you can also sort the records by the font color. That’s new in Excel 2002 and 2010. Multiple conditional is not made easy Excel 2007 and 2010. In the older Excel version 2003 and below, we are to count based on one single condition. When using Excel 2003, multiple conditions sum has to be done using the formula SUMPRODUCT or combining all the conditions into one before applying the formula SUMIF to data. With the new Excel 2007, you can now easily sum up the values based on more than one condition by using the SUMIF’s fomula.

Critique And Application Of Theory Of Caring Essay

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